First War of Indian Independence : 1857
Causes—(1) Doctrine of Lapse; (2) Discontent among the people; (3) The spread of Christianity alarmed the people; (4) Discrimination between the English and the Indians; (5) Increase in taxation; (6) Introduction of new cartridges supposed to be greased with the fat of cow or pig.
Heroes of the War—Tantya Tope, Nana Sahib, Mangal Pandey, Rani Laxmi Bai of Jhansi etc.
Result—Failure.
Causes of Failure—(1) The British had more resources than the Indians,
(2) The British were better organised than the Indians,
(3) The wealthy classes and certain rulers of states did not cooperate; they rather helped the British to crush the rebels,
(4) Lack of central directions,
(5) Weak leadership of Bahadur Shah II. This war of Independence led to the Transfer of Government of India from the East India Company to the British Crown. The representative of the British crown in India now came to be designated as Viceroy along with Governor-General.
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